![]() ![]() Genotype dependency is often the bottle-neck in plant tissue culture and also in plant genetic engineering. Totipotent stem cells are defined by their vast capacity to differentiate into any cells of the organism and have the highest differentiation potential to form the embryo and extraembryonic structures (Zakrzewski et al., 2019). The ease of fulfilling the cell totipotency also varies tissue by tissue, genotype by genotype and species by species. Practically, the younger or the less differentiated a cell is, the easier to culture it into a full plant. However, the more differentiated a cell has been, the more difficult it will be to induce its de-differentiation. Theoretically, all living cells can revert to an undifferential status through this process. Therefore, for a highly differentiated cell to grow into a full plant, the differentiation process has to be reversed (called de-differentiation ) and repeated again ( called re-differentiation). Differentiation is done by turning on certain genes and turning off some others at a certain time. It is accompanied by morphogenesis, the change of the cells’ morphology. ![]() The process of specializing cells’ functions is called cell differentiation . Therefore, every living cell of a plant should contain all the genes the plant has and thus has the capacity to grow back to a full plant. As a result, the two daughter cells usually have exactly the same genetic makeup as their mother cell. Before a mother cell divides into two daughter cells, it makes an exact copy of its genome first. Increasing cell population is done by cell division (also called mitosis). A plant grows by increasing its cell population while the cells specialize their functions. ![]()
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